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NEUROTHERAPY FOR NEURODIVERSITY:
RESEARCH

Research shows that neurotherapy may significantly reduce symptoms, improve emotional stability, and enhance overall well-being by targeting the brainwave imbalances associated with neurodiversity.  At Transformative Neurotherapy, we welcome curiosity and invite those who want to dig deeper to explore the research behind our methods, including tDCS, pEMF, and PBM — all grounded in science that supports their effectiveness in improving mental health.

    • Amouzadeh F, Sheikh M. Impact of transcranial alternating current stimulation on working memory and selective attention in athletes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomized controlled trial. Neuroreport. 2022 Dec 14;33(17):756-762. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001842. Epub 2022 Oct 17. PMID: 36250434.

    • Berger, I., Dakwar-Kawar, O., Grossman, E. S., Nahum, M., & Cohen Kadosh, R. (2021). Scaffolding the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder brain using transcranial direct current and random noise stimulation: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Neurophysiology, 132(3), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.01.005

    • Breitling, C., Zaehle, T., Dannhauer, M., Bonath, B., Tegelbeckers, J., Flechtner, H.-H., & Krauel, K. (2016). Improving Interference Control in ADHD Patients with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2016.00072

    • Cosmo, C., DiBiasi, M., Lima, V., Grecco, L. C., Muszkat, M., Philip, N. S., & de Sena, E. P. (2020). A systematic review of transcranial direct current stimulation effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.054

    • Nigg JT, Bruton A, Kozlowski MB, Johnstone JM, Karalunas SL. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Do White Noise or Pink Noise Help With Task Performance in Youth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or With Elevated Attention Problems? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024 Aug;63(8):778-788. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.12.014. Epub 2024 Feb 28. PMID: 38428577; PMCID: PMC11283987.

    • Mauche N, Ulke C, Huang J, Franke A, Bogatsch H, Ethofer T, Grimm O, Frodl T, Hoffmann K, Juckel G, Kittel-Schneider S, Mehren A, Philipsen A, Plewnia C, Reif A, Ziegler GC, Strauß M. Treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): study protocol for a parallel, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, multicenter trial (Stim-ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024 Feb;274(1):71-82. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01652-4. Epub 2023 Jul 22. PMID: 37479914; PMCID: PMC10786982.

    • Nejati, V., Dehghan, M., Shahidi, S. et al. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) improves hot and cold executive functions in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sci Rep 14, 7600 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57920-3

    • Salehinejad MA, Ghanavati E, Glinski B, Hallajian AH, Azarkolah A. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in major neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia. Brain Behav. 2022 Sep;12(9):e2724. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2724. Epub 2022 Aug 8. PMID: 35938945; PMCID: PMC9480913.

    • Salehinejad MA, Nejati V, Mosayebi-Samani M, Mohammadi A, Wischnewski M, Kuo MF, Avenanti A, Vicario CM, Nitsche MA. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in ADHD: A Systematic Review of Efficacy, Safety, and Protocol-induced Electrical Field Modeling Results. Neurosci Bull. 2020 Oct;36(10):1191-1212. doi: 10.1007/s12264-020-00501-x. Epub 2020 May 16. PMID: 32418073; PMCID: PMC7532240.

    • Soff, C., Sotnikova, A., Christiansen, H. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves clinical symptoms in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm 124, 133–144 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1646-y

    • Westwood, S., Asherson, P., Cohen Kadosh, R., Wexler, B., & Rubia, K. (2019). A novel neurotherapy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in ADHD children. Brain Stimulation, 12(2), 521. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.714

    • Coelho DRA, Renet C, López-Rodríguez S, Cassano P, Vieira WF. Transcranial photobiomodulation for neurodevelopmental disorders: a narrative review. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2024 Aug;23(8):1609-1623. doi: 10.1007/s43630-024-00613-7. Epub 2024 Jul 15. PMID: 39009808.

ATTENTION DEFICIENT HYPERACTIVE DISORDER (ADHD)

AUTISM SPECTRUM

    • Amatachaya, A., Auvichayapat, N., Patjanasoontorn, N., Suphakunpinyo, C., Ngernyam, N., Aree-uea, B., Keeratitanont, K., & Auvichayapat, P. (2014). Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Autism: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Trial. Behavioural Neurology, 2014(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/173073

    • Amatachaya, A., Jensen, M. P., Patjanasoontorn, N., Auvichayapat, N., Suphakunpinyo, C., Janjarasjitt, S., Ngernyam, N., & Aree-uea, B. (2015). The short-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on electroencephalography in children with autism: A randomized crossover controlled trial. Behavioural Neurology, 2015(1), 928631. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/928631

    • D’Urso, G., Bruzzese, D., Ferrucci, R., Priori, A., Pascotto, A., Galderisi, S., Altamura, A. C., & Bravaccio, C. (2015). Transcranial direct current stimulation for hyperactivity and noncompliance in autistic disorder. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 16(5), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1014411

    • Gómez, L., Vidal, B., Maragoto, C., Morales, L. M., Berrillo, S., Vera Cuesta, H., Baez, M., Denis, M., Marín, T., Cabrera, Y., Sánchez, A., Alarcón, C., Selguera, M., Llanez, Y., Dieguez, L., & Robinson, M. (2017). Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Short-Term Outcome Study. Behavioral Sciences, 7(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7030063

    • García-González, S., Lugo-Marín, J., Setien-Ramos, I., Gisbert-Gustemps, L., Arteaga-Henríquez, G., Díez-Villoria, E., & Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2021). Transcranial direct current stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 48, 89-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.017

    • Hadoush, H., Nazzal, M., Almasri, N. A., Khalil, H., & Alafeef, M. (2020). Therapeutic Effects of Bilateral Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Prefrontal and Motor Cortical Areas in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study. Autism Research, 13(5), 828–836. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2290

    • Han, Y. M. Y., Chan, M. M. Y., Shea, C. K. S., Lai, O. L., Krishnamurthy, K., Cheung, M. C., & Chan, A. S. (2022). Neurophysiological and behavioral effects of multisession prefrontal tDCS and concurrent cognitive remediation training in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A double-blind, randomized controlled fNIRS study. Brain Stimulation, 15(2), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.02.004

    • Salehinejad M.A., Ghanavati E, Glinski B, Hallajian AH, Azarkolah A. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in major neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia. Brain Behav. 2022 Sep;12(9):e2724. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2724. Epub 2022 Aug 8. PMID: 35938945; PMCID: PMC9480913.

    • Salehinejad, M. A., Paknia, N., Hosseinpour, A. H., Yavari, F., Vicario, C. M., Nitsche, M. A., & Nejati, V. (2021). Contribution of the right temporoparietal junction and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to theory of mind in autism: A randomized, sham-controlled tDCS study. Autism Research, 14(8), 1572–1584. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2538

    • Shivaswamy T, Souza RR, Engineer CT, McIntyre CK. Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Fear and Anxiety in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Psychiatr Brain Sci. 2022;7(4):e220007. doi: 10.20900/jpbs.20220007. Epub 2022 Sep 23. PMID: 36303861; PMCID: PMC9600938.

    • Sun, K., Li, Y., Zhai, Z., Yin, H., Liang, S., Zhai, F., Cui, Y., & Zhang, G. (2024). Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and exploration of brain network mechanisms in children with high−functioning autism spectrum disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337101

    • Zhang, J., & Zhang, H. (2022). Effects of non-invasive neurostimulation on autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989905

    • Coelho DRA, Renet C, López-Rodríguez S, Cassano P, Vieira WF. Transcranial photobiomodulation for neurodevelopmental disorders: a narrative review. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2024 Aug;23(8):1609-1623. doi: 10.1007/s43630-024-00613-7. Epub 2024 Jul 15. PMID: 39009808.

    • Hamilton C, Liebert A, Pang V, Magistretti P, Mitrofanis J. Lights on for Autism: Exploring Photobiomodulation as an Effective Therapeutic Option. Neurol Int. 2022 Oct 27;14(4):884-893. doi: 10.3390/neurolint14040071. PMID: 36412693; PMCID: PMC9680350.

    • Pallanti S, Di Ponzio M, Grassi E, Vannini G, Cauli G. Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Retrospective Study. Children (Basel). 2022 May 20;9(5):755. doi: 10.3390/children9050755. PMID: 35626932; PMCID: PMC9139753.

    • Battisti A, Lazzaro G, Costanzo F, Varuzza C, Rossi S, Vicari S, Menghini D. Effects of a short and intensive transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia: A crossover clinical trial. Front Psychol. 2022 Sep 9;13:986242. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986242. PMID: 36160506; PMCID: PMC9500580.

    • Battisti A, Lazzaro G, Varuzza C, Vicari S, Menghini D. Effects of online tDCS and hf-tRNS on reading performance in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia: a study protocol for a cross sectional, within-subject, randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trial. Front Neurol. 2024 Mar 12;15:1338430. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1338430. PMID: 38533416; PMCID: PMC10964771.

    • Costanzo, F., Rossi, S., Varuzza, C., Varvara, P., Vicari, S., & Menghini, D. (2019). Long-lasting improvement following tDCS treatment combined with a training for reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 130, 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.016

    • Costanzo F, Varuzza C, Rossi S, et al. Evidence for reading improvement following tDCS treatment in children and adolescents with Dyslexia. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 2016;34(2):215-226. doi:10.3233/RNN-150561

    • Lazzaro, G., Bertoni, S., Menghini, D., Costanzo, F., Franceschini, S., Varuzza, C., Ronconi, L., Battisti, A., Gori, S., Facoetti, A., & Vicari, S. (2021). Beyond Reading Modulation: Temporo-Parietal tDCS Alters Visuo-Spatial Attention and Motion Perception in Dyslexia. Brain Sciences, 11(2), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020263

    • Marchesotti, S., Nicolle, J., Merlet, I., Arnal, L. H., Donoghue, J. P., & Giraud, A.-L. (2020, September 8). Selective enhancement of low-gamma activity by tACS improves phonemic processing and reading accuracy in dyslexia. PLOS.biology. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000833

    • Rahimi, V., Mohamadkhani, G., Alaghband-Rad, J. et al. Modulation of temporal resolution and speech long-latency auditory-evoked potentials by transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with dyslexia. Exp Brain Res 237, 873–882 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05471-9

    • Salehinejad M.A., Ghanavati E, Glinski B, Hallajian AH, Azarkolah A. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in major neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia. Brain Behav. 2022 Sep;12(9):e2724. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2724. Epub 2022 Aug 8. PMID: 35938945; PMCID: PMC9480913.

    • Turker S, Hartwigsen G. The use of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques to improve reading difficulties in dyslexia: A systematic review. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Feb 15;43(3):1157-1173. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25700. Epub 2021 Oct 30. PMID: 34716977; PMCID: PMC8764483.

DYSLEXIA

What Neurotherapy treatments does Transformative Neurotherapy offer?

“Neurotherapy” or “Neuromodulation” is a broad term for a number of different types of treatment options. We’ve outlined below what Transformative Neurotherapy does and does not currently offer.

Table comparing types of neurotherapy offered by a provider, with checkmarks indicating services they offer and red crosses indicating services they do not offer. The table is divided into two columns titled "Type of Neurotherapy" and "Offered by Transformative Neurotherapy?" including various therapy types, some marked with checkmarks, others with red crosses, and a few with yellow stars.